Informed Consent: What Must Be Disclosed and What Must Be Understood?

Over the last few decades, multiple studies have examined understanding of participants in clinical research. They show variable and often poor key elements disclosure, such as expected risks experimental nature treatments. Did these give valid consent? According to standard view informed consent they did not. The holds that recipient has a duty disclose certain information profferer because requires be understood. contents disclosure requirements are therefore conceptually linked. In this paper, we argue is mistaken. distinct grounds tied two different ways which token can rendered invalid. Analysis allows us derive requirements. It also implies it sometimes permissible enroll willing who not understood everything ought told about their trials.